A class action is a type of lawsuit in which one or several persons sue on behalf of a larger group of persons. Many class action lawsuits are often started as the result of complaints by one or a handful of persons. While the subject matter of class action lawsuits can vary widely, two factors are almost always present for every class action: (1) the issues in dispute (factual and/or legal) are common to all members of the class, and (2) the persons affected are so numerous as to make it impracticable to bring them all before the court. Examples of class action cases include: Those who have been victimized by unfair or fraudulent business practices. If the court agrees to certify the case as a class action, that means the court agrees the case meets the criteria for class certification. A decision to certify the class action allows the case to move forward to trial in order to efficiently resolve the common issues shared by the class members.

The following describes the typical procedures followed in class action litigation. The sequence of events described may vary from case; however, generally, a class action will involve all of the steps noted. Step 1: The first step is the drafting and filing of a complaint against the defendants. This document is then filed in court and delivered or “served” on the defendants by the U.S. mail or a process server. Step 2: After the complaint is filed, the defendants will usually file an answer denying the allegations. Alternatively, they may elect to challenge the complaint by filing certain motions challenging the lawsuit. If motions are filed, an answer will be required after the judge rules on the motions unless the case is dismissed. Step 3: After the answers are filed and any motions ruled on, a period of “discovery” will usually take place. Discovery involves the lawyers demanding documents from the other side, asking written questions, and taking depositions. Often courts will hold a conference with the lawyers and set a timetable for preliminary discovery needed for certification to be completed. Step 4: After all preliminary discovery is completed, the plaintiff will file motion to certify a class action. The defendants will file objections to certification. The Court will have a hearing. If plaintiffs win, the case proceeds to be certified. Step 5: Notice. If the lawsuit is one for money, the court will order notice go to the class. Notice is published in the newspaper or sent through the mail. This notice advises class members of their rights, and sets deadlines for objecting, “opting out,” or entering an appearance through a lawyer. Step 6: Trial or Settlement. After final certification is granted, additional discovery may be needed before the case is tried. After that discovery is completed, the case is set for trial unless it settles. The trial of a class action procedurally is the same as for any other civil lawsuit.

Notice is given by the court to all eligible parties. This is done by mail or publication. The notice will generally describe the allegations in the case and, among other things, provide you the opportunity to “opt-out.” If you do not opt-out, you will be bound by any settlement or judgment, favorable or unfavorable, in the case. Sometimes the notice will also include a claim form if the case has settled or a judgment has been reached in the plaintiffs’ favor. It is important to fill-out the claim form in order to claim your share of the proceeds. If the deadline to submit a claim form comes and goes, you may have waived your right to claim your recovery. Because most notices are sent by mail, it is very important that you keep the U.S. Postal Office up to date with your current address through mail-forwarding. Unless your personal damages are very large, you will most likely need other parties to induce an attorney to take the case on a contingency basis. Class actions offer the benefit of aggregating relatively small claims into one so that you can attract attorneys who are skilled and knowledgeable in order to prosecute your case for the benefit of all. It is possible to bring a competing class or an independent court action against defendants. The relative merits of each course should be discussed with counsel and will depend on monetary amounts, number of parties involved, etc. We provide our services on a contingency fee basis. This means that we are not paid unless we are successful in obtaining a recovery on behalf of the class members. If we are successful, we will petition the court for an award of attorneys’ fees and reimbursement of expenses from the recovery. How much we receive is up to the court.

The term “similarly situated” has a specific legal meaning but generally it refers to an employee who can be compared to another employee because he or she holds a similar job classification, comparable duties, skills and training, and is subject to the same standards.

There is a common misconception that salaried employees cannot receive overtime. Many employees are often told they are “exempt” from overtime because they are salaried and/or because they are “management.” This is not always correct. It is a general rule that employees are entitled to overtime compensation. Employees who are “exempt” from this rule are not entitled to overtime compensation. The laws that govern the payment of wages are designed to protect employees. Thus, exemptions – or reasons for not paying overtime – are narrowly construed against the employer. There are a limited number of exemptions available for employers to claim. Each exemption has a number of tests all of which must be satisfied by the employer for the exemption to be valid. If the employer cannot prove every test for the claimed exemption, then the employee is not exempt and entitled to overtime compensation. Determining which exemption your employer is claiming may depend on the activities you are expected to perform, how you are compensated, and the industry you work in. Contact the attorneys at Wynne Law Firm to get an opinion on whether you have been properly designated as exempt from overtime compensation by your employer.

Not all people who perform work for a company are employees. Instead, they may be independent contractors. Whether a person is an employee or independent contractor usually depends on the kind of work the worker performs and how the employer supervises that work. Employers sometimes label workers as independent contractors when they are actually employees. That’s because employers who use independent contractors rather than employees don’t have to pay payroll taxes for independent contractors, and are not liable for payments under workers’ compensation, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, or social security for their independent contractors. Likewise, employees have protections under state wage and hour laws while independent contractors do not. There is no “black and white” definition of who is an independent contractor. Instead, there are a number of factors to decide if you are an independent contractor or employee. All the factors are considered together in making the determination. While no single factor will decide whether you are an employee or an independent contractor, the most important factor is the level of control the employer exerts over the employee. If the employer tells how, when and where the worker completes the assignment that points to control. On the other hand, an independent contractor is given a goal and how that independent contractor reaches that goal is up to him or her. Contact attorneys at Wynne Law Firm for an opinion on whether you are an employee or independent contractor.

Meal Breaks Under California law no employer shall employ any non-exempt person for a work period of more than five (5) hours without an off duty meal period of not less than 30 minutes, except that when a work period of not more than six (6) hours will complete the day’s work the meal period may be waived by mutual consent of the employer and the employee. Unless the employee is relieved of all duty during a 30 minute meal period, the meal period shall be considered an “on duty” meal period and counted as time worked. An “on duty” meal period shall be permitted only when the nature of the work prevents an employee from being relieved of all duty and when by written agreement between the parties an on-the-job paid meal period is agreed to. Further, employers must keep time records showing whether meal periods are taken. If the employer requires the employee to remain at the work site or facility during the meal period, the meal period must be paid. This is true even where the employee is relieved of all work duties during the meal period. Failure to comply with the meal period laws subjects the employer to liability for one hour of pay for each violation. Rest Breaks Under California law every employer shall authorize and permit all non-exempt employees to take off duty rest periods, which insofar as practicable shall be in the middle of each work period. The authorized rest period time shall be based on the total hours worked daily at the rate of ten (10) minutes net rest time per four (4) hours or major fraction thereof. However, a rest period need not be authorized for employees whose total daily work time is less than three and one-half (3 1/2) hours. Authorized rest period time shall be counted as hours worked for which there shall be no deduction from wages. Failure to comply with the rest break laws subjects the employer to liability for one hour of pay for each violation.

Under the California Labor Code, employers are required to reimburse employees for “all necessary expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct consequence of the discharge of his or her duties.” This means if an employee incurs expenses in carrying out his or her duties or by following the instructions of his or her employer, that employee is entitled to reimbursement for those expenses. This includes mileage for auto expenses, among other types of expenses. If an employer fails to reimburse an employee for his or her business expenses, the employer may be held liable under California law for the expenses incurred, as well as interest and attorneys’ fees. Commonly reimbursed business related expenses incurred include: If an employer fails to reimburse the employee, the employer may be held responsible for the employee’s out-of-pocket costs plus interest from the date the employee incurred the expense as well as the employee’s attorneys’ fees and costs to collect the unreimbursed expenses. Under California Labor Code, Section 2804, an employee may not waive their right to full reimbursement for expenses and any such agreement is deemed unlawful and unenforceable. Thus, employer policies that waive an employee’s right to expenses after a certain deadline are not enforceable. By law, employees are entitled to reimbursement for up to 4 years from the date the expense is incurred. Thus, if the employer requires the employee to drive, such as a courier driver, an outside sales person, or even to drive to the bank to make daily business deposits, the employer must cover the employee’s mileage. If the employer requires the employee to have a cell phone and make calls on that phone, the employer must cover the cost of the business related calls. If the employer requires the employee to have a home office, the employer must cover certain expenses reasonably and necessarily related to that office.

An employer can only withhold amounts from your wages: (1) when required or authorized to do so by state or federal law, or (2) when a deduction is given in writing by the employee to cover insurance premiums, benefit plan contributions or other deductions, or (3) when a deduction to cover health, welfare, or pension contributions is expressly authorized by a wage or collective bargaining agreement. Some common unlawful payroll deductions include: Gratuities. An employer cannot collect, take, or receive any gratuity or part thereof given or left for an employee, or deduct any amount from wages due an employee on account of a gratuity given or left for an employee. However, a restaurant may have a policy allowing for tip pooling/sharing among employees who provide direct table service to customers. Compensating other employees. Most commonly in the financial services industry, many firms have made it a practice to strongly encourage employees like registered representatives, i.e., Financial Advisors, Financial Consultants or brokers, to divert a portion of their pay toward their Sales Assistants to effectively subsidize their compensation. Employees’ compensation is overhead to the employer and the employer cannot shift its responsibility on to its employees. While many employers have sought to get around the laws prohibiting such shifting on responsibility, the impact of one employee paying another’s employees compensation is the same. Ordinary Losses. An employer cannot make an employee pay for losses incurred due to simple negligence, e.g., breakage of a product/equipment, non-payment by customer, or a broken trade in the securities industry. Losses occurring without any fault on the part of the employee or that are merely the result of simple negligence are inevitable in almost any business operation and thus, the employer must bear such losses as a cost of doing business. Uniforms. If an employer requires that an employee wear a uniform, the employer must pay the cost of the uniform. The term “uniform” includes wearing apparel and accessories of distinctive design and color. If the clothing is also suitable for everyday wear and can be worn outside of the workplace, the employer may not be responsible for those costs. Medical or Physical Examinations. An employer may not withhold or deduct from the wages of any employee or require any prospective employee or applicant for employment to pay for any pre-employment medical or physical examination taken as a condition of employment, nor may an employer withhold or deduct from the wages of any employee, or require any employee to pay for any medical or physical examination required by any federal or state law or regulation, or local ordinance. Photographs. If an employer requires a photograph of an applicant or employee, the employer must pay the cost of the photograph. Bond. If an employer requires a bond of an applicant or employee, the employer must pay the cost of the bond.

Begin with the notion that every employee in California is presumed to be entitled to overtime. Overtime is based on the regular rate of pay, which is the compensation you normally earn for the work you perform. The regular rate of pay may be determined in different ways such as hourly earnings, salary, piecework earnings, and commissions. In no case may the regular rate of pay be less than the applicable minimum wage. Ordinarily, the hours to be used in computing the regular rate of pay may not exceed the legal maximum regular hours which, in most cases, is 8 hours per workday, 40 hours per workweek. If you are paid on an hourly basis, that is your regular rate. If you are paid on a salaried basis, divide your annual salary by 2080 (the number of 40 hr. weeks in a year). For commissions, while there is some disagreement, on way to calculate the regular rate is to divide your total compensation by the total number of hours worked. For employees earning more than one type of pay, blended rates may need to be calculated. Contact attorneys at Wynne Law Firm to determine what your regular rate is.

In most cases, employment is “at will.” This means that the employer or employee may terminate the employment relationship at any time, with or without cause. When the employment is not “at will” there is contract. In the most common situation of “at will” employment, while an employer may terminate an employee with or without cause, the employer may not terminate for a reason that is illegal. Termination based on an illegal form of discrimination is illegal. An illegal form of discrimination is one based on an immutable characteristic of the individual that has nothing whatsoever to do with how they perform the job. Most commonly, this is known as discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, age, or disability for instance. There are also other forms of illegal termination related to the employee’s individual rights. For instance, it is illegal to terminate an employee for voting, jury service, military duty, maternity or medical leaves, whistleblowing, filing a claim for workers’ compensation, asserting a claim for unpaid wages.

In California, the law requires your employer to pay you all of your wages upon termination including salary and vacation pay. If you have been terminated, you must be paid immediately. If you gave your employer at least 72 hours’ notice that you were terminating your employment, your employer must provide you your check by the end of those 72 hours (or at the end of your last day of work if you provided longer notice). If you quit and failed to give notice, i.e., you walked out, your employer has 72 hours to issue a final paycheck. If the employer fails to timely provide you with a final paycheck, the employer may be subject to waiting time penalties under California law. The penalty is one day’s wage for every day you were not paid up to a maximum of 30 days.

Employment discrimination generally exists where an employer treats an applicant or employee less favorably because of the person’s race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or status as a protected veteran. It may also exist where an employer’s policies or procedures have resulted in a discriminatory impact on members of particular groups. Employment discrimination can be against a single person or a group.

You have the right to work in an environment free of discrimination. You cannot be denied employment, harassed, demoted, terminated, paid less, or treated less favorably because of your race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or status as a protected veteran.

Discrimination may take many forms and it does not have to be intentional to be illegal. Generally, there are two types of discrimination that the law prohibits: Disparate treatment occurs when an employer treats an applicant or employee less favorably than similarly situated applicants or employees, and the different treatment is because of the person’s race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or status as a protected veteran. The treatment must be intentional on the part of your employer. Therefore, you have to show either intent, or enough facts for the court to infer your employer’s intent. Disparate impact occurs when an employer has policies or practices that appear to be fair on the surface and are evenly applied but have a discriminatory impact on members of a particular sex, race or ethnic group, or individuals with disabilities. Disparate impact cases usually rely on statistical evidence to show that a policy disproportionately harms members of a protected class. To make a prima facie showing of disparate impact, a plaintiff does not need to show an employer’s motive—but only the outcome in practice.

Some examples of employment discrimination may include:

Maybe. Employment tests can be used to make employment decisions if the tests are administered fairly and do not discriminate. Employment tests are unlawful if they disproportionately exclude members of particular groups, and the employer cannot show that the tests are job related and consistent with business necessity. For example, tests that exclude members of a particular sex, race or ethnic group, national origin, religion, or individuals with disabilities would have to be based on a legitimate job-related or business need.

Once a plaintiff has proven a prima facie case of discrimination, the burden shifts to the employer to show a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for acting as it has. For example, if an employer mandates that all employees be of a minimum height and weight, it must then show that height and weight are necessary to efficient job performance.

Medical Malpractice is an action or a failure to act by a physician, nurse, specialist or other medical professional that negatively affects your health and that action or inaction was not consistent with the normal standards of care provided by other such health professionals. If your physician or hospital acted in a way that was not consistent with normal standards, you may have been a victim of Medical Malpractice. Malpractice may occur in the initial diagnosis of a patient, when a doctor fails to notice an important symptom, fails to recognize a serious illness for what it is, or prescribes the wrong treatment. It may also occur before or during any type of medical treatment or in post-operative patient care. Medication errors, surgical injuries, misdiagnosis and anesthesia errors are some of the primary types of medical malpractice. How to determine if you may have been a victim of medical malpractice: If you answered “yes” to any of these questions or are concerned about medical treatment you received, you may want to speak with an attorney knowledgeable with the laws of medical malpractice. In California, the statute of limitations for a medical malpractice claim is usually three years from the date of injury or one year from the date of discovery of the injury, whichever occurs first. Thus, once you suspect, know or should have known that you have been the victim of malpractice, the time in which you may legally file a complaint may begin to run. There are two major exceptions to this rule: First, in cases involving a child under age six, the malpractice action must be filed within 3 years of the date the injury occurred or before the minor’s eighth birthday, whichever period is greater. Second, in cases where the hospital is owned or operated by a county or local administrative agency, a claim must be filed within six months of the birth, death, or negligent act, and such claims are a prerequisite for any claim in court. As such, the failure to file an administrative claim within six months of an incident requires the court to dismiss the lawsuit.

Dental malpractice may occur when the conduct of a dental professional falls below the acceptable standard of dental care, causing you injury. The conduct can be intentional or unintentional. It includes the actual dental treatment you receive as well as any failure to diagnose or to treat oral conditions. Dental professionals include: Dental malpractice does not occur simply because you did not receive perfect care. Dental malpractice is failure to provide adequate care due to incompetence, negligence, or intentional misconduct. It is not enough that you experience some short-term pain after visiting the dentist. It is also not enough that you have to return to the dentist for a second treatment visit. Dental malpractice can take several forms. Some common examples of California dental malpractice include: If you are concerned about dental treatment you received, you may want to speak with an attorney knowledgeable with the laws of dental malpractice. In California, the statute of limitations for a medical malpractice claim is usually three years from the date of injury or one year from the date of discovery of the injury, whichever occurs first. Thus, once you suspect, know or should have known that you have been the victim of malpractice, the time in which you may legally file a complaint may begin to run.

Every personal injury case is different and has to be evaluated based on its own unique facts and circumstances. There are several types of injuries for which an individual can collect damages. The most common type is physical injuries, which include direct trauma to the body. You may have a personal injury claim if you have been seriously injured due to the negligence or wrongful conduct of another person or a company. Negligence is generally defined as “failing to act as a reasonable person would under the circumstances.” These type of injuries could stem from a car wreck, bus accident, airplane accident, train wreck, trucking wreck, slip and fall, defective product case, wrongful death, or other situations where someone’s negligence resulted in physical injury or harm. Sometimes a personal injury case may arise out of intentional conduct (such as an assault and battery). Personal injury law is based on the concept that if a person is injured or killed due to another person’s negligence, that person or his or her heirs has the right to be compensated in money damages. It strives to determine who is at fault for an accident, then how much the plaintiff is entitled to receive from the responsible party

Immediately. You should seek medical treatment as soon as an incident occurs or as soon as possible thereafter. You should continue treatment until your doctor or other healthcare professional discharges you from their care. If, after discharge, you are still experiencing symptoms, you may need to seek a second opinion or consult with a specialist to ensure that you get better and have exercised your due diligence in seeking proper medical treatment.

Damages may be recoverable for the nature and extent of your injury (and whether it was temporary or permanent) medical expenses (past and future), pain and suffering (past, present and future), mental distress and emotional anguish (past, present and future), lost wages (past, present and future) and wage–earning capacity, permanent physical impairment, loss of companionship and love for an injured spouse, nursing care, rehabilitation, property damage, and other similar expenses.

If you have suffered lost wages or a decrease in income as result of an accident, you likely can seek recovery of these damages as part of your claim. It is important have any time loss approved and/or authorized by your physician, as many insurance companies refuse to pay lost wages or lost income claims if they have not been pre-approved or authorized by a treating physician.

If you can prove that, as a result of the injuries suffered in the accident, you are unable to perform your current job and that, as a result, you are required to work in a lower paying position, you may be able to recover lost future wages or future decrease in income.

Your potential personal injury claim will be subject to a time limit known as “a statute of limitations.” This statute governs the time that you have to file a lawsuit for personal injuries. If you fail to file a lawsuit within this time period, your claim may be time barred. In California, when someone is harmed because of another person’s negligence, the plaintiff in a lawsuit has two years from the date of the injury to file an action. However, there are limited exceptions to this time limit, such as when the plaintiff could not have discovered an injury until a later date, but those situations are rare.

Generally, personal injury attorneys handle these types of claims on what is known as a “contingency fee basis.” This means that the lawyer gets attorney’s fees paid out of your settlement or verdict. If you do not receive a settlement or verdict, you do not owe any attorney’s fees. Under California law, you are responsible for all costs and expenses, regardless of the result.